The standard deviation (σ) is a measure of spread in \term{statistics}. It is caclualted by taking the square root of the \term{variance}, which is itself the average of the square of difference of values from their \term{arithmetic mean}. The standard deviation of a simple set of N numbers xi> with mean μ is:
σ = √ ( Σ (xi>− μ)2 / N )
Used in Chap. 7: pages 93, 95; Chap. 8: page 109; Chap. 10: pages 137, 138; Chap. 12: page 170
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standard deviation (s.d., σ)